FluentLab

Confusable pair · C1

Who or whom?

Who is the subject, whom is the object. The reliable test is to answer the question with he or him: if him fits, use whom. To whom did you speak — I spoke to him. Who called — he called. In everyday speech who is now normal in both roles, but whom is still expected after a preposition and in formal writing.

Which word, and why

who

subject — replaces he/she/they

The person who performs the action.

who called · the man who lives there

whom

object — replaces him/her/them, and follows prepositions

The person the action is done to.

to whom · whom did you see · all of whom

Now use it

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